Plants

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5.4

4.5 Journals Plants

Lemnaceae as Novel Crop Candidates for COsub2/sub Sequestration and Additional Applications

Lemnaceae as Novel Crop Candidates for CO2 Sequestration and Additional Applications

Optimization of Callus Induction and Shoot Regeneration from Tomato Cotyledon Explants

Challenges and Opportunities behind the Use of emHerbaria/em in Paleogenomics Studies

Challenges and Opportunities behind the Use of Herbaria in Paleogenomics Studies

Species-Specific Responses to Human Trampling Indicate Alpine Plant Size Is More Sensitive than Reproduction to Disturbance

Embryo Rescue in Plant Breeding Journal Description Plants Plants is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Australian Society of Plant Scientists (ASPS), the Spanish Phytopathological Society (SEF), the Spanish Society of Plant Physiology (SEFV), the Spanish Society of Horticultural Sciences (SECH) and the Italian Society of Phytotherapy (S.I.Fit.) are affiliated with Plants and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges. Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions. High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, PubAg, AGRIS, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases. Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Plant Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (Plant Science) Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.1 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2023). Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done. Impact Factor: 4.5 (2022); 5-Year Impact Factor: 4.8 (2022) subject Imprint Information get_app Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2223-7747 Latest Articles Open AccessReview The Past, Present, and Future of Wheat Dwarf Virus Management—A Review by

Anne-Kathrin Pfrieme,

Torsten Will,

Klaus Pillen and

Andreas Stahl Plants 2023, 12(20), 3633; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203633 (registering DOI) - 20 Oct 2023 Abstract Wheat dwarf disease (WDD) is an important disease of monocotyledonous species, including economically important cereals. The causative pathogen, wheat dwarf virus (WDV), is persistently transmitted mainly by the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus and can lead to high yield losses. Due to climate change, the [...] Read more. Wheat dwarf disease (WDD) is an important disease of monocotyledonous species, including economically important cereals. The causative pathogen, wheat dwarf virus (WDV), is persistently transmitted mainly by the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus and can lead to high yield losses. Due to climate change, the periods of vector activity increased, and the vectors have spread to new habitats, leading to an increased importance of WDV in large parts of Europe. In the light of integrated pest management, cultivation practices and the use of resistant/tolerant host plants are currently the only effective methods to control WDV. However, knowledge of the pathosystem and epidemiology of WDD is limited, and the few known sources of genetic tolerance indicate that further research is needed. Considering the economic importance of WDD and its likely increasing relevance in the coming decades, this study provides a comprehensive compilation of knowledge on the most important aspects with information on the causal virus, its vector, symptoms, host range, and control strategies. In addition, the current status of genetic and breeding efforts to control and manage this disease in wheat will be discussed, as this is crucial to effectively manage the disease under changing environmental conditions and minimize impending yield losses. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Basis of Yield and Yield Stability in Major Crops) attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1003 KiB) Open AccessArticle Genetic Variability in Seed Longevity and Germination Traits in a Tomato MAGIC Population in Contrasting Environments by

Elise Bizouerne,

Joseph Ly Vu,

Benoît Ly Vu,

Isidore Diouf,

Frédérique Bitton,

Mathilde Causse,

Jérôme Verdier,

Julia Buitink and

Olivier Leprince Plants 2023, 12(20), 3632; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203632 (registering DOI) - 20 Oct 2023 Abstract The stable production of high vigorous seeds is pivotal to crop yield. Also, a high longevity is essential to avoid progressive loss of seed vigour during storage. Both seed traits are strongly influenced by the environment during seed development. Here, we investigated the [...] Read more. The stable production of high vigorous seeds is pivotal to crop yield. Also, a high longevity is essential to avoid progressive loss of seed vigour during storage. Both seed traits are strongly influenced by the environment during seed development. Here, we investigated the impact of heat stress (HS) during fruit ripening on tomato seed lifespan during storage at moderate relative humidity, speed (t50) and homogeneity of germination, using a MAGIC population that was produced under optimal and HS conditions. A plasticity index was used to assess the extent of the impact of HS for each trait. HS reduced the average longevity and germination homogeneity by 50% within the parents and MAGIC population. However, there was a high genetic variability in the seed response to heat stress. A total of 39 QTLs were identified, including six longevity QTLs for seeds from control (3) and HS (3) conditions, and six plasticity QTLs for longevity, with only one overlapping with a longevity QTL under HS. Four out of the six longevity QTL co-located with t50 QTL, revealing hotspots for seed quality traits. Twenty-one QTLs with intervals below 3 cM were analyzed using previous transcriptome and gene network data to propose candidate genes for seed vigour and longevity traits. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Seed Longevity) Open AccessArticle Effect of Different Rootstocks on the Salt Stress Tolerance and Fruit Quality of Grafted Eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) by

Maryam Mozafarian,

Barbara Hawrylak-Nowak and

Noémi Kappel Plants 2023, 12(20), 3631; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203631 (registering DOI) - 20 Oct 2023 Abstract Vegetable grafting is considered a rapid, non-chemical alternative method to relatively slow and expensive breeding to overcome the adverse effect of salinity. Therefore, a soilless experiment was performed to determine the salinity tolerance of eggplant (Solanum melongena) cv. Madonna grafted onto [...] Read more. Vegetable grafting is considered a rapid, non-chemical alternative method to relatively slow and expensive breeding to overcome the adverse effect of salinity. Therefore, a soilless experiment was performed to determine the salinity tolerance of eggplant (Solanum melongena) cv. Madonna grafted onto two different rootstocks, Solanum grandifolium × Solanum melongena (SH) and Solanum torvum (ST), as well as self-grafted (SG) and self-rooted (SR) as controls. All groups of plants were treated with 0 mM NaCl or 80 mM NaCl. A significant decrease in the relative leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and chlorophyll concentrations were found in response to NaCl. However, the grafted plants had a higher photosynthetic pigment level than the non-grafted plants grown under saline conditions. Grafting eggplants onto SH significantly enhanced the total fruit yield as compared to the self-rooted plants exposed to salinity by increasing the average fruit weight. Moreover, salt stress significantly increased the whitening index and oxidation potential of fruits. The plants grafted onto SH or ST accumulated more Na+ in their roots than in their fruit or leaves, thus the Na+ partitioning between the above-ground and root parts most probably determines the increased salinity tolerance of the grafted ST and SH plants. To conclude, both the SH and ST rootstocks protected the scions against salinity; the scion showed both increased photosynthetic pigment concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters as well as a lower Na+ concentration under stress that resulted in a higher fruit yield and quality. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants) ►▼ Show Figures

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Open AccessArticle Multifarious Characterization and Efficacy of Three Phosphate-Solubilizing Aspergillus Species as Biostimulants in Improving Root Induction of Cassava and Sugarcane Stem Cuttings by

Surapong Khuna,

Jaturong Kumla,

Sirasit Srinuanpan,

Saisamorn Lumyong and

Nakarin Suwannarach Plants 2023, 12(20), 3630; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203630 (registering DOI) - 20 Oct 2023 Abstract Several soil fungi significantly contribute to the enhancement of plant development by improving nutrient uptake and producing growth-promoting metabolites. In the present study, three strains of phosphate-solubilizing fungi, namely, Aspergillus chiangmaiensis SDBR-CMUI4, A. pseudopiperis SDBR-CMUI1, and A. pseudotubingensis SDBR-CMUO2, were examined for their [...] Read more. Several soil fungi significantly contribute to the enhancement of plant development by improving nutrient uptake and producing growth-promoting metabolites. In the present study, three strains of phosphate-solubilizing fungi, namely, Aspergillus chiangmaiensis SDBR-CMUI4, A. pseudopiperis SDBR-CMUI1, and A. pseudotubingensis SDBR-CMUO2, were examined for their plant-growth-promoting capabilities. The findings demonstrated that all fungi showed positive siderophore production, but only A. pseudopiperis can produce indole-3-acetic acid. All fungi were able to solubilize insoluble phosphate minerals [Ca3(PO4)2 and FePO4] by producing phosphatase enzymes and organic acids (oxalic, tartaric, and succinic acids). These three fungal species were grown at a water activity ranging from 0.837 to 0.998, pH values ranging from 4 to 9, temperatures between 4 and 40 °C, and 16–17% NaCl in order to evaluate their drought, pH, temperature, and salt tolerances, respectively. Moreover, the results indicated that A. pseudopiperis and A. pseudotubingensis were able to tolerate commercial insecticides (methomyl and propargite) at the recommended dosages for field application. The viability of each fungal strain in the inoculum was higher than 50% at 4 and 20 °C after 3 months of storage. Subsequently, all fungi were characterized as plant-growth-promoting strains by improving the root inductions of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) stem cuttings in greenhouse experiments. No symptoms of plant disease were observed with any of the treatments involving fungal inoculation and control. The cassava and sugarcane stem cuttings inoculated with fungal strains and supplemented with Ca3(PO4)2 exhibited significantly increased root lengths, shoot and root dry biomasses, chlorophyll concentrations, and cellular inorganic phosphate contents. Therefore, the application of these phosphate-solubilizing fungi is regarded as a new frontier in the induction of roots and the promotion of growth in plants. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biostimulants in Sustainable Horticulture and Agriculture: Development, Function, and Applications) ►▼ Show Figures

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Open AccessArticle Ethnopharmacological Survey, Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activities of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diarrhea in Southeastern Gabon by

Jean Fabrice Yala,

Rolande Mabika Mabika,

Davy U. Ikabanga,

Franck Mounioko,

Prince Rodrigue Mokouapamba,

Alexis Nicaise Lepengue and

Alain Souza Plants 2023, 12(20), 3629; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203629 (registering DOI) - 20 Oct 2023 Abstract Diarrhea is a condition that particularly affects children under five the age of years old in developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of medicinal extracts plants used in treatment and to characterize their inhibitory capacity in the [...] Read more. Diarrhea is a condition that particularly affects children under five the age of years old in developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of medicinal extracts plants used in treatment and to characterize their inhibitory capacity in the growth of bacteria isolates in childhood diarrhea in the southeast region of Gabon. An ethnobotanical survey on the plants used in the treatment of diarrhea in southeastern Gabon was carried out and a phytochemical screening of the collected plants was performed. The antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts was evaluated; 33 plant species were identified, representing 28 genera and 19 families. Bark (39.5%) was the most commonly used plant part, followed by powder formulations (28.9%). The preferred method of preparation and chewing (44.7%), together with drinking (36.8%), were the most prevalent modes of administration. Phytochemical screening showed a plethora of secondary metabolites (terpenoids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds), and a marked level of anti-diarrheal activity was found with Sida acuta and Santiria. ebo against Shigella spp. (16.22 ± 0.7 mm and 14.05 ± 1.4 mm) and Yersinia pestis (16.35 ± 0.5 mm and 15.51 ± 0.5 mm). The high diversity of secondary plant metabolites and their inhibitory ability against enteric pathogens would justify their use at the local level to treat diarrheal infections. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 22328 KiB) Open AccessReview Unlocking the Multifaceted Mechanisms of Bud Outgrowth: Advances in Understanding Shoot Branching by

Yundong Yuan,

Said Khourchi,

Shujia Li,

Yanfang Du and

Pierre Delaplace Plants 2023, 12(20), 3628; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203628 - 20 Oct 2023 Abstract Shoot branching is a complex and tightly regulated developmental process that is essential for determining plant architecture and crop yields. The outgrowth of tiller buds is a crucial step in shoot branching, and it is influenced by a variety of internal and external [...] Read more. Shoot branching is a complex and tightly regulated developmental process that is essential for determining plant architecture and crop yields. The outgrowth of tiller buds is a crucial step in shoot branching, and it is influenced by a variety of internal and external cues. This review provides an extensive overview of the genetic, plant hormonal, and environmental factors that regulate shoot branching in several plant species, including rice, Arabidopsis, tomato, and wheat. We especially highlight the central role of TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 (TB1), a key gene in orchestrating bud outgrowth. In addition, we discuss how the phytohormones cytokinins, strigolactones, and auxin interact to regulate tillering/branching. We also shed light on the involvement of sugar, an integral component of plant development, which can impact bud outgrowth in both trophic and signaling ways. Finally, we emphasize the substantial influence of environmental factors, such as light, temperature, water availability, biotic stresses, and nutrients, on shoot branching. In summary, this review offers a comprehensive evaluation of the multifaced regulatory mechanisms that underpin shoot branching and highlights the adaptable nature of plants to survive and persist in fluctuating environmental conditions. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Plant Genomics and Breeding 2023) ►▼ Show Figures

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Open AccessArticle Performance- and Resistance-Related Early Responses of Colombian Elite Rubber Tree Genotypes under Low Pressure of South American Leaf Blight: Implications for Disease Management in the Amazon by

Lyda Constanza Galindo-Rodríguez,

Armando Sterling,

Herminton Muñoz-Ramirez and

Jesica Andrea Fonseca-Restrepo Plants 2023, 12(20), 3627; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203627 - 20 Oct 2023 Abstract The cultivation of Hevea brasiliensis, the primary commercial source of natural rubber, is strongly impacted by South American leaf blight (SALB) disease, caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora ulei. Various management strategies have been implemented, including the selection of resistant genotypes and [...] Read more. The cultivation of Hevea brasiliensis, the primary commercial source of natural rubber, is strongly impacted by South American leaf blight (SALB) disease, caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora ulei. Various management strategies have been implemented, including the selection of resistant genotypes and the identification of escape zones. This study evaluated the growth, early yield, and resistance to SALB of nine Colombian elite genotypes from the ECC-100 series and IAN 873 clone (control) in a large-scale clone trial in an area with low SALB pressure in the Colombian Amazon during 2017–2020. Favorable early performance was evident, although there was a significant increase in the severity and sporulation of P. ulei over time, especially in the ECC 35, ECC 60, and IAN 873 genotypes. However, these scores indicate low susceptibility. Genotypes with higher resistance to SALB demonstrated greater growth and early yield compared to more highly susceptible genotypes. The ECC 64, ECC 73, ECC 90, ECC 25, and ECC 29 genotypes were more desirable in low SALB pressure zones due to their higher resistance and early performance. It is important to highlight that this research contributes to the selection of new SALB-resistant Colombian genotypes of H. brasiliensis. However, it is also necessary to evaluate the productivity of these selections in the mature stage and long-term resistance to SALB before recommending and promoting their commercial adoption in the Colombian Amazon. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Leaf Diseases and Management) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 69 KiB) Open AccessArticle Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the NAC Gene Family and Its Involvement in Cold Response in Dendrobium officinale by

Qianyu Yang,

Zhihui Li,

Xiao Wang,

Chunqian Jiang,

Feihong Liu,

Yuxin Nian,

Xiaoyun Fu,

Guangzhu Zhou,

Lei Liu and

Hui Wang Plants 2023, 12(20), 3626; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203626 - 20 Oct 2023 Abstract The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) gene family is one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor families, functioning as crucial regulators in diverse biological processes such as plant growth and development as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. Although it has been [...] Read more. The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) gene family is one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor families, functioning as crucial regulators in diverse biological processes such as plant growth and development as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. Although it has been widely characterized in many plants, the significance of the NAC family in Dendrobium officinale remained elusive up to now. In this study, a genome-wide search method was conducted to identify NAC genes in Dendrobium officinale (DoNACs) and a total of 110 putative DoNACs were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into 15 subfamilies according to the nomenclature in Arabidopsis and rice. The members in the subfamilies shared more similar gene structures and conversed protein domain compositions. Furthermore, the expression profiles of these DoNACs were investigated in diverse tissues and under cold stress by RNA-seq data. Then, a total of five up-regulated and five down-regulated, cold-responsive DoNACs were validated through QRT-PCR analysis, demonstrating they were involved in regulating cold stress response. Additionally, the subcellular localization of two down-regulated candidates (DoNAC39 and DoNAC58) was demonstrated to be localized in the nuclei. This study reported the genomic organization, protein domain compositions and expression patterns of the NAC family in Dendrobium officinale, which provided targets for further functional studies of DoNACs and also contributed to the dissection of the role of NAC in regulating cold tolerance in Dendrobium officinale. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Plant Tolerance upon Abiotic Stress) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 117 KiB) Open AccessArticle Transcriptomic Analysis of the Effect of Pruning on Growth, Quality, and Yield of Wuyi Rock Tea by

Qi Zhang,

Ying Zhang,

Yuhua Wang,

Jishuang Zou,

Shaoxiong Lin,

Meihui Chen,

Pengyao Miao,

Xiaoli Jia,

Pengyuan Cheng,

Xiaomin Pang,

Jianghua Ye and

Haibin Wang Plants 2023, 12(20), 3625; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203625 - 20 Oct 2023 Abstract Pruning is an important agronomic measure in tea plantation management. In this study, we analyzed the effect of pruning on gene expression in tea leaves from a transcriptomics perspective and verified the results of a transcriptomic analysis in terms of changes in physiological [...] Read more. Pruning is an important agronomic measure in tea plantation management. In this study, we analyzed the effect of pruning on gene expression in tea leaves from a transcriptomics perspective and verified the results of a transcriptomic analysis in terms of changes in physiological indicators of tea leaves. The results showed that pruning enhanced the gene expression of nine metabolic pathways in tea leaves, including fatty acid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and plant hormone signal transduction, thereby promoting the growth of tea plants and increasing tea yield. However, pruning reduced the gene expression of nine metabolic pathways, including secondary metabolites biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, and lowered the content of caffeine, flavonoids, and free amino acids in tea plant leaves. In conclusion, pruning could promote the growth of tea plants and increase the yield of tea, but it was not conducive to the accumulation of some quality indicators in tea leaves, especially caffeine, flavonoids, and free amino acids, which, in turn, reduced the quality of tea. This study provides an important theoretical reference for the management of agronomic measures in tea plantations. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Tea Plants Cultivation) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 316 KiB) Open AccessArticle The Content of Anthocyanins in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Seeds and Contribution of the MYB Gene Cluster to Their Coloration Pattern by

Ekaterina А. Krylova,

Aleksandra S. Mikhailova,

Yulia N. Zinchenko,

Irina N. Perchuk,

Mayya P. Razgonova,

Elena K. Khlestkina and

Marina O. Burlyaeva Plants 2023, 12(20), 3624; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203624 - 20 Oct 2023 Abstract The intensively pigmented legumes belonging to Phaseolus and Vigna spp. are valued as an essential component of healthy nutrition due to their high content of flavonoids. In this context, we used the accessions of Vigna unguiculata with different colors of seed coats from [...] Read more. The intensively pigmented legumes belonging to Phaseolus and Vigna spp. are valued as an essential component of healthy nutrition due to their high content of flavonoids. In this context, we used the accessions of Vigna unguiculata with different colors of seed coats from the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources collection as the main object of this research. We applied confocal laser scanning microscopy, biochemical analysis, and wide in silico and molecular genetic analyses to study the main candidate genes for anthocyanin pigmentation within the MYB cluster on chromosome 5. We performed statistical data processing. The anthocyanin content ranged from 2.96 mg/100 g DW in reddish-brown-seeded cowpea accessions to 175.16 mg/100 g DW in black-seeded ones. Laser microscopy showed that the autofluorescence in cowpea seeds was mainly caused by phenolic compounds. The maximum fluorescence was observed in the seed coat, while its dark color, due to the highest level of red fluorescence, pointed to the presence of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins. Genes of the MYB cluster on chromosome 5 demonstrated a high homology and were segregated into a separate clade. However, amplification products were not obtained for all genes because of the truncation of some genes. Statistical analysis showed a clear correlation between the high content of anthocyanins in cowpea seeds and the presence of PCR products with primers Vigun05g0393-300-1. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Legume Crops Research) ►▼ Show Figures

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Open AccessArticle The Potential of Bioaugmentation-Assisted Phytoremediation Derived Maize Biomass for the Production of Biomethane via Anaerobic Digestion by

Ana M. Paulo,

Nídia S. Caetano and

Ana P. G. C. Marques Plants 2023, 12(20), 3623; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203623 - 20 Oct 2023 Abstract Anthropogenic behaviors are causing the severe build-up of heavy metal (HM) pollutants in the environment, particularly in soils. Amongst a diversity of remediation technologies, phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly technology that, when coupling tolerant plants to selected rhizospheric microorganisms, can greatly stimulate HM [...] Read more. Anthropogenic behaviors are causing the severe build-up of heavy metal (HM) pollutants in the environment, particularly in soils. Amongst a diversity of remediation technologies, phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly technology that, when coupling tolerant plants to selected rhizospheric microorganisms, can greatly stimulate HM decontamination of soils. Maize (Zea mays) is a plant with the reported capacity for HM exclusion from contaminated soil but also has energetic importance. In this study, Zea mays was coupled with Rhizophagus irregularis, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), and Cupriavidus sp. strain 1C2, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), as a remediation approach to remove Cd and Zn from an industrial contaminated soil (1.2 mg Cd kg−1 and 599 mg Zn kg−1) and generate plant biomass, by contrast to the conservative development of the plant in an agricultural (with no metal pollution) soil. Biomass production and metal accumulation by Z. mays were monitored, and an increase in plant yield of ca. 9% was observed after development in the contaminated soil compared to the soil without metal contamination, while the plants removed ca. 0.77% and 0.13% of the Cd and Zn initially present in the soil. The resulting biomass (roots, stems, and cobs) was used for biogas generation in several biomethane (BMP) assays to evaluate the potential end purpose of the phytoremediation-resulting biomass. It was perceptible that the HMs existent in the industrial soil did not hinder the anaerobic biodegradation of the biomass, being registered biomethane production yields of ca. 183 and 178 mL of CH4 g−1 VS of the complete plant grown in non-contaminated and contaminated soils, respectively. The generation of biomethane from HM-polluted soils’ phytoremediation-derived maize biomass represents thus a promising possibility to be a counterpart to biogas production in an increasingly challenging status of renewable energy necessities. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Phytoremediation Practices for Metal-Contaminated Soils) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 196 KiB) Open AccessArticle Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density Effects on Portulaca olearacea in Controlled-Environment Agriculture by

Gediminas Kudirka,

Akvilė Viršilė,

Kristina Laužikė,

Rūta Sutulienė and

Giedrė Samuolienė Plants 2023, 12(20), 3622; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203622 - 20 Oct 2023 Abstract This study aims to evaluate the impacts of the lighting photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) on the growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant response of common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) cultivars to determine energy-efficient lighting strategies for CEA. Green and golden purslane cultivars were [...] Read more. This study aims to evaluate the impacts of the lighting photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) on the growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant response of common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) cultivars to determine energy-efficient lighting strategies for CEA. Green and golden purslane cultivars were cultivated in CEA chambers and four experimental treatments consisting of PPFDs of 150, 200, 250, and 300 ± 10 µmol m−2s−1 were performed, representing daily light integrals (DLIs) of 8.64–17.28 mol m−2d−1 throughout a 16 h photoperiod. The results show that photoresponses to light PPFDs are cultivar-specific. The green cultivar accumulates 174% more dry weight at 300 PPFD compared to the golden cultivar, and also has a higher LUE, but a lower ETR. Dry weight accumulation, plant height, and leaf area dependence on light intensity do not highlight the economic significance of light PPFD/DLI. The derivative parameter (Δ fresh weight (%)/ΔDLI %) more efficiently explains how the percentage increase in DLI due to an increased PPFD affects the percentage of biomass gain between these PPFD treatments. For both cultivars, the relative fresh weight gain is maximal when the lighting PPFD increases from 200 to 250 µmol m−2s−1 and declines with PPFD increases from 250 to 300. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Light and Its Influence on the Growth and Quality of Plants) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 16837 KiB) Open AccessArticle Arabidopsis ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 and Nucleolar Factors Are Coordinately Involved in the Perinucleolar Patterning of AS2 Bodies and Leaf Development by

Sayuri Ando,

Mika Nomoto,

Hidekazu Iwakawa,

Simon Vial-Pradel,

Lilan Luo,

Michiko Sasabe,

Iwai Ohbayashi,

Kotaro T. Yamamoto,

Yasuomi Tada,

Munetaka Sugiyama,

Yasunori Machida,

Shoko Kojima and

Chiyoko Machida Plants 2023, 12(20), 3621; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203621 - 19 Oct 2023 Abstract Arabidopsis ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) plays a key role in the formation of flat symmetric leaves. AS2 represses the expression of the abaxial gene ETTIN/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ETT/ARF3). AS2 interacts in vitro with the CGCCGC sequence in ETT [...] Read more. Arabidopsis ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) plays a key role in the formation of flat symmetric leaves. AS2 represses the expression of the abaxial gene ETTIN/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ETT/ARF3). AS2 interacts in vitro with the CGCCGC sequence in ETT/ARF3 exon 1. In cells of leaf primordia, AS2 localizes at peripheral regions of the nucleolus as two AS2 bodies, which are partially overlapped with chromocenters that contain condensed 45S ribosomal DNA repeats. AS2 contains the AS2/LOB domain, which consists of three sequences conserved in the AS2/LOB family: the zinc finger (ZF) motif, the ICG sequence including the conserved glycine residue, and the LZL motif. AS2 and the genes NUCLEOLIN1 (NUC1), RNA HELICASE10 (RH10), and ROOT INITIATION DEFECTIVE2 (RID2) that encode nucleolar proteins coordinately act as repressors against the expression of ETT/ARF3. Here, we examined the formation and patterning of AS2 bodies made from as2 mutants with amino acid substitutions in the ZF motif and the ICG sequence in cells of cotyledons and leaf primordia. Our results showed that the amino acid residues next to the cysteine residues in the ZF motif were essential for both the formation of AS2 bodies and the interaction with ETT/ARF3 DNA. The conserved glycine residue in the ICG sequence was required for the formation of AS2 bodies, but not for the DNA interaction. We also examined the effects of nuc1, rh10, and rid2 mutations, which alter the metabolism of rRNA intermediates and the morphology of the nucleolus, and showed that more than two AS2 bodies were observed in the nucleolus and at its periphery. These results suggested that the patterning of AS2 bodies is tightly linked to the morphology and functions of the nucleolus and the development of flat symmetric leaves in plants. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Ribosome Heterogeneity in Plants) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 3882 KiB) Open AccessArticle Identification of Daphnane Diterpenoids from Wikstroemia indica Using Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry by

Mi Zhang,

Kouharu Otsuki,

Reo Takahashi,

Takashi Kikuchi,

Di Zhou,

Ning Li and

Wei Li Plants 2023, 12(20), 3620; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203620 - 19 Oct 2023 Abstract Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for the rapid identification of compounds within natural resources. Daphnane diterpenoids, a class of natural compounds predominantly found in plants belonging to the Thymelaeaceae and Euphorbiaceae families, have attracted [...] Read more. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for the rapid identification of compounds within natural resources. Daphnane diterpenoids, a class of natural compounds predominantly found in plants belonging to the Thymelaeaceae and Euphorbiaceae families, have attracted much attention due to their remarkable anticancer and anti-HIV activities. In the present study, the presence of daphnane diterpenoids in Wikstroemia indica, a plant belonging to the Thymelaeaceae family, was investigated by LC-MS/MS analysis. As a result, 21 daphnane diterpenoids (1–21) in the stems of W. indica were detected. Among these, six major compounds (12, 15, 17, 18, 20, and 21) were isolated and their structures were unequivocally identified through a comprehensive analysis of the MS and NMR data. For the minor compounds (1–11, 13, 14, 16, and 19), their structures were elucidated by in-depth MS/MS fragmentation analysis. This study represents the first disclosure of structurally diverse daphnane diterpenoids in W. indica, significantly contributing to our understanding of bioactive diterpenoids in plants within the Thymelaeaceae family. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Bioactive Substances Identification, Extraction, and Application) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 2552 KiB) Open AccessSystematic Review Plant Serpins: Potential Inhibitors of Serine and Cysteine Proteases with Multiple Functions by

Monaliza Macêdo Ferreira,

Ariana Silva Santos,

Adriadna Souza Santos,

Maria Zugaib and

Carlos Priminho Pirovani Plants 2023, 12(20), 3619; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203619 - 19 Oct 2023 Abstract Plant serpins are a superfamily of protein inhibitors that have been continuously studied in different species and have great biotechnological potential. However, despite ongoing studies with these inhibitors, the biological role of this family in the plant kingdom has not yet been fully [...] Read more. Plant serpins are a superfamily of protein inhibitors that have been continuously studied in different species and have great biotechnological potential. However, despite ongoing studies with these inhibitors, the biological role of this family in the plant kingdom has not yet been fully clarified. In order to obtain new insights into the potential of plant serpins, this study presents the first systematic review of the topic, whose main objective was to scrutinize the published literature to increase knowledge about this superfamily. Using keywords and the eligibility criteria defined in the protocol, we selected studies from the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. According to the eligible studies, serpins inhibit different serine and non-serine proteases from plants, animals, and pathogens, and their expression is affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, serpins like AtSerpin1, OSP-LRS, MtSer6, AtSRP4, AtSRP5, and MtPiI4, act in resistance and are involved in stress-induced cell death in the plant. Also, the system biology analysis demonstrates that serpins are related to proteolysis control, cell regulation, pollen development, catabolism, and protein dephosphorylation. The information systematized here contributes to the design of new studies of plant serpins, especially those aimed at exploring their biotechnological potential. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Breeding: Molecular Genetics and Genomics) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 5307 KiB) Open AccessProtocol Integrated Systems Biology Pipeline to Compare Co-Expression Networks in Plants and Elucidate Differential Regulators by

Nilesh Kumar and

M. Shahid Mukhtar Plants 2023, 12(20), 3618; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203618 - 19 Oct 2023 Abstract To identify sets of genes that exhibit similar expression characteristics, co-expression networks were constructed from transcriptome datasets that were obtained from plant samples at various stages of growth and development or treated with diverse biotic, abiotic, and other environmental stresses. In addition, co-expression [...] Read more. To identify sets of genes that exhibit similar expression characteristics, co-expression networks were constructed from transcriptome datasets that were obtained from plant samples at various stages of growth and development or treated with diverse biotic, abiotic, and other environmental stresses. In addition, co-expression network analysis can provide deeper insights into gene regulation when combined with transcriptomics. The coordination and integration of all these complex networks to deduce gene regulation are major challenges for plant biologists. Python and R have emerged as major tools for managing complex scientific data over the past decade. In this study, we describe a reproducible protocol POTFUL (pant co-expression transcription factor regulators), implemented in Python 3, for integrating co-expression and transcription factor target protein networks to infer gene regulation. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioinformatics Toolkit for Plant Studies) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 2512 KiB) Open AccessArticle Phloem-Mobile MYB44 Negatively Regulates Expression of PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER 1 in Arabidopsis Roots by

Toluwase Olukayode,

Jieyu Chen,

Yang Zhao,

Chuanhezi Quan,

Leon V. Kochian and

Byung-Kook Ham Plants 2023, 12(20), 3617; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203617 - 19 Oct 2023 Abstract Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant macronutrient; however, its availability is often limited in soils. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms for efficient phosphate (Pi) absorption, which are responsive to changes in external and internal Pi concentration, and orchestrated through local and systemic responses. [...] Read more. Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant macronutrient; however, its availability is often limited in soils. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms for efficient phosphate (Pi) absorption, which are responsive to changes in external and internal Pi concentration, and orchestrated through local and systemic responses. To explore these systemic Pi responses, here we identified AtMYB44 as a phloem-mobile mRNA, an Arabidopsis homolog of Cucumis sativus MYB44, that is responsive to the Pi-starvation stress. qRT-PCR assays revealed that AtMYB44 was up-regulated and expressed in both shoot and root in response to Pi-starvation stress. The atmyb44 mutant displayed higher shoot and root biomass compared to wild-type plants, under Pi-starvation conditions. Interestingly, the expression of PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1;2 (PHT1;2) and PHT1;4 was enhanced in atmyb44 in response to a Pi-starvation treatment. A split-root assay showed that AtMYB44 expression was systemically regulated under Pi-starvation conditions, and in atmyb44, systemic controls on PHT1;2 and PHT1;4 expression were moderately disrupted. Heterografting assays confirmed graft transmission of AtMYB44 transcripts, and PHT1;2 and PHT1;4 expression was decreased in heterografted atmyb44 rootstocks. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that mobile AtMYB44 mRNA serves as a long-distance Pi response signal, which negatively regulates Pi transport and utilization in Arabidopsis. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Long Distance Signaling in Plants) ►▼ Show Figures

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Open AccessEditorial Plant Essential Oil with Biological Activity (II) by

Hazem S. Elshafie and

Ippolito Camele Plants 2023, 12(20), 3616; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203616 - 19 Oct 2023 Abstract Essential oils (EOs) are concentrated hydrophobic liquids that originate from plants and contain different bioactive chemicals and volatile substances. Several plant essential oils (PEOs) are obtained from a variety of medicinal plants and have been utilized in folk medicine and traditional pharmacopoeia. They [...] Read more. Essential oils (EOs) are concentrated hydrophobic liquids that originate from plants and contain different bioactive chemicals and volatile substances. Several plant essential oils (PEOs) are obtained from a variety of medicinal plants and have been utilized in folk medicine and traditional pharmacopoeia. They have a long history of usage as antibacterial medicines to treat various human, animal, and plant diseases. The extraction of essential oils frequently involves fractional distillation with a variety of organic solvents. EOs can be used successfully in the food and cosmetics industries in addition to their traditional use as antimicrobial agents. This Special Issue covers various significant PEOs and their individual chemical constituents and biological-pharmaceutical functions. Further information focused on the chemical characterizations, modes of action, and biopharmaceutical properties of PEOs. This Special Issue includes seventeen research papers from different geographical zones. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Essential Oil with Biological Activity II) attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 842 KiB) Open AccessArticle Metabolic Responses to Manganese Toxicity in Soybean Roots and Leaves by

Yanyan Wang,

Jianyu Li,

Yuhu Pan,

Jingye Chen and

Ying Liu Plants 2023, 12(20), 3615; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203615 - 19 Oct 2023 Abstract Soybean is one of the most crucial beans in the world. Although Mn (manganese) is a kind of important nutritive element helpful to plant growth and health, excess Mn is harmful to crops. Nevertheless, the effect of Mn toxicity on soybean roots and [...] Read more. Soybean is one of the most crucial beans in the world. Although Mn (manganese) is a kind of important nutritive element helpful to plant growth and health, excess Mn is harmful to crops. Nevertheless, the effect of Mn toxicity on soybean roots and leaves metabolism is still not clear. To explore this, water culture experiments were conducted on the development, activity of enzyme, and metabolic process of soybeans under varying levels of Mn treatment (5 and 100 μM). Compared with the control, the soybeans under Mn stress showed inhibited growth and development. Moreover, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and the soluble protein content in leaves and roots of soybean were all increased. However, soluble sugar and proline contents in soybean roots and leaves showed the opposite trend. In addition, the Mg (magnesium) and Fe (iron) ion contents in soybean leaves significantly decreased, and the Mn ion content greatly increased. In roots, the Mn and Fe ion content increased, whereas the Mg ion content decreased. Furthermore, the metabolomic analysis based on nontargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry identified 136 and 164 differential metabolites (DMs) that responded to Mn toxicity in roots and leaves of soybean, respectively. These DMs might participate in five different primary metabolic pathways in soybean leaves and roots, suggesting that soybean leaves and roots demonstrate different kinds of reactions in response to Mn toxicity. These findings indicate that Mn toxicity will result in enzymes activity being changed and the metabolic pathway being seriously affected, hence inhibiting the development of soybean. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Breeding: Molecular Genetics and Genomics) ►▼ Show Figures

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attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 56 KiB) Open AccessArticle Effects of Thinning Intensity on Litterfall Production, Soil Chemical Properties, and Fine Root Distribution in Pinus koraiensis Plantation in Republic of Korea by

Si Ho Han,

Ji Young An,

Jonathan O. Hernandez,

Hee Moon Yang,

Eun-Sook Kim,

Nam Jin Noh,

Jeong Min Seo and

Byung Bae Park Plants 2023, 12(20), 3614; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203614 - 19 Oct 2023 Abstract It is crucial to evaluate the effects of thinning on litterfall production, soil chemical properties, and fine root dynamics when implementing thinning as a silvilcultural technique to enhance tree growth and timber yield in Pinus koraiensis plantations. Thus, we determined the 10-year effects [...] Read more. It is crucial to evaluate the effects of thinning on litterfall production, soil chemical properties, and fine root dynamics when implementing thinning as a silvilcultural technique to enhance tree growth and timber yield in Pinus koraiensis plantations. Thus, we determined the 10-year effects (2007–2017) of different thinning intensities on litterfall production, soil chemical properties, and fine root biomass and necromass within a P. koraiensis plantation in South Korea. The soil chemical parameters and fine root biomass and necromass were also compared across three soil depths (0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm). Three thinning treatments were employed: no thinning (CON), light thinning (32% removed, LT), and heavy thinning (64% removed, HT). Results revealed that litterfall was consistent across all thinning treatments, but broadleaf species had considerably higher litterfall production at HT stands than at CON/LT stands. Soil chemical properties, except exchangeable K+, were generally lower at LT stands, particularly at a depth of 20–30 cm soil. After ten years, there was a decrease in fine root biomass and necromass with increasing soil depth. Over 80% of fine roots were found in the upper layer (0–20 cm), while very fine roots (0–1 mm) consisted mainly of 47% pine and 53% other species and were concentrated in the 0–10 cm soil depth in HT. In conclusion, different thinning intensities had diverse effects on the parameters measured within the plantation. Future studies can explore how the effects of thinning intensities on litterfall production, soil chemistry, and fine root dynamics affect species diversity, carbon storage, and understory vegetation in P. koraiensis plantations. Full article (This article belongs to the Collection Forest Environment and Ecology) ►▼ Show Figures

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